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Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2025-03-26 Origin: Site
Lithium batteries are used in many everyday devices, from smartphones and laptops to electric vehicles and power tools. However, these powerful energy sources can pose a significant safety risk if not handled properly. One of the most dangerous scenarios involving lithium batteries is a fire caused by a thermal runaway reaction, which occurs when a lithium battery overheats or is damaged. In this article, we will explore how to put out a lithium battery fire, the causes behind these fires, and the necessary precautions to prevent them.
A lithium battery fire can be a terrifying and dangerous event. Lithium-ion batteries, which are commonly used in portable electronics and electric vehicles, contain flammable electrolytes that can ignite under certain conditions. The risk of a fire typically occurs when a lithium battery undergoes thermal runaway. This is a process where an overheating battery causes one or more cells to fail, leading to an uncontrollable chain reaction that results in flames or explosions. Understanding the causes of these fires and the steps to take when a fire occurs is essential for anyone who works with or uses lithium batteries regularly.
Lithium battery fires are typically caused by one or more of the following factors:
Short circuits can occur when there is damage to the internal components of a battery. Manufacturing defects, improper storage, or metal dust can cause circuits to short, leading to a fire. This is particularly dangerous when the battery is exposed to extreme temperatures or physical stress.
Lithium batteries can overheat during transportation or storage, particularly in areas with extreme temperatures. For example, winding machines and stacking machines used in manufacturing or transportation environments may place lithium batteries in conditions that lead to overheating. Inadequate ventilation or high environmental temperatures can exacerbate this problem, leading to combustion.
Lithium batteries can become damaged if subjected to rough handling. Dropping a battery or jostling it excessively during use or transportation can trigger thermal runaway, especially if the battery's internal components are disrupted.
Physical damage from impacts, punctures, or dismantling during recycling operations can cause a lithium battery to catch fire. Shredding or cutting into the battery can expose its internal components, causing a short circuit and triggering a fire.
Exposure to water, rain, or high humidity can lead to short circuits and thermal runaway in lithium batteries. Salty air, common in coastal areas, can also contribute to corrosion and battery failure.
Once a lithium battery has caught fire, it requires a specific approach to extinguish it. Here are the steps you should take based on the type and size of the battery.
For lithium-metal battery fires, the most effective extinguisher is a Class D fire extinguisher, which is designed specifically for metal fires. Lithium-ion batteries, on the other hand, are classified as Class B fires, as they involve flammable liquids, including electrolytes. Standard dry chemical or ABC fire extinguishers can be used to put out lithium-ion fires.
For small lithium batteries, such as those found in personal electronics like smartphones, it is generally safe to extinguish the fire with water. These smaller batteries contain a relatively small amount of lithium, which reduces the risk of an explosive reaction. However, caution should still be exercised, and water should only be used for small, manageable fires.
For larger lithium-ion battery fires, such as those found in electric vehicles or industrial applications, foam extinguishers containing CO2, powder graphite, or ABC dry chemical are ideal. These extinguishers are effective at smothering the fire and preventing it from reigniting. Sodium carbonate is another substance that can help neutralize the fire’s heat.
In the event of a lithium battery fire that cannot be extinguished, it may be best to allow the fire to burn out in a controlled environment. If this occurs in a winding machine or stacking machine setup, remove any nearby combustible materials and isolate the fire from the rest of the production area. Always place the battery in an outdoor area away from people and structures. Let it burn itself out, and prevent the fire from spreading by soaking the surrounding area with water.
When dealing with large battery packs, each cell may burn on a different timeline. This makes extinguishing the fire more complicated, as the fire might spread to other cells. In such cases, place the battery pack outside in an open area away from other objects and let it burn in a controlled way.
It’s crucial to stay calm and follow proper safety protocols when dealing with a lithium battery fire. Here are some critical safety tips:
Don’t Use Water on Large Battery Fires
For large lithium-ion batteries, using water may worsen the fire, especially if the battery is large or part of a stacking machine setup. Water can cause the lithium to react violently, making the situation more dangerous.
Ensure Ventilation
In the case of a thermal runaway event, the fire may produce toxic gases. Make sure the area is well-ventilated to prevent exposure to harmful fumes.
Evacuate the Area
If the fire cannot be controlled, evacuate the area immediately and call the fire department. Do not try to extinguish a large or uncontrollable fire yourself.
Use a Fire Extinguisher Designed for Lithium Batteries
Always use the right kind of extinguisher based on the type of battery fire you are dealing with. Class D fire extinguishers are ideal for lithium-metal battery fires, while ABC extinguishers can be used for lithium-ion fires.
Prevention is always the best approach when it comes to lithium battery safety. Here are some preventive measures to help reduce the risk of a lithium battery fire:
Always buy lithium batteries from reliable and reputable manufacturers. Batteries from trusted sources are more likely to meet safety standards and have the necessary protections against overheating and short circuits.
Avoid overcharging lithium batteries. When charging, always use the charger that came with the battery or one that is specifically approved for the battery model. Disconnect the battery once it has finished charging to avoid prolonged exposure to heat.
Check your batteries for any signs of wear and tear, such as swelling, leakage, or discoloration. If you notice any damage, do not recharge the battery. Dispose of it properly at a recycling facility.
Extreme heat or cold can cause lithium batteries to malfunction. Always store batteries in a temperature-controlled environment to prevent overheating or freezing. This is especially important when using winding machines and stacking machines that could expose batteries to temperature extremes during production or storage.
To minimize the risk of fire during charging, use a fire-safe charging bag or a specially designed charging case that can contain any potential fires and prevent them from spreading.
If a lithium battery has been damaged—whether through physical impact, exposure to water, or other means—do not attempt to recharge it. Dispose of the damaged battery safely to prevent a potential fire hazard.
Lithium battery fires are a serious risk, but by understanding the causes, knowing how to put out a fire, and taking proper preventive measures, you can reduce the chances of encountering this danger. From using foam extinguishers for large fires to ensuring batteries are stored and used correctly, safety is paramount when handling these energy-dense power sources. Whether working with stacking machines, winding machines, or other machinery involving lithium batteries, always prioritize safety to protect yourself and those around you from potential hazards.
